Solution Manual for Fundamentals of Taxation 2019 Edition 12th Edition by Cruz
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SOLUTIONS MANUAL FOR FUNDAMENTALS OF TAXATION 2019 12TH EDITION CRUZ
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Fundamentals of Taxation 2019 12/E Cruz 2019 SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Authors: Cruz, Deschamps, Niswander, Prendergast, Schisler
ISBN: 1259917088 | 9781259917080
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Content | SOLUTIONS MANUAL FOR FUNDAMENTALS OF TAXATION 2019 12TH EDITION CRUZ
Fundamentals of Taxation 2019 12/E Cruz 2019 SOLUTIONS MANUALAuthors: Cruz, Deschamps, Niswander, Prendergast, Schisler ISBN: 1259917088 | 9781259917080 | Solution Manual for Taxation of Business Entities 2019 Edition 10th Edition by SpilkerChapter 1 Business Income, Deductions, and Accounting Methods SOLUTIONS MANUAL Discussion Questions
| Solution Manual for South Western Federal Taxation 2019 Individual Income Taxes 42nd Edition by YoungCHAPTER 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO TAXATION AND UNDERSTANDING THE FEDERAL TAX LAW LECTURE NOTES OVERVIEW The primary objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the Federal tax system. Among the topics discussed are the following: • The importance and relevance of taxation. • A brief history of the Federal income tax. • The types of taxes imposed at the Federal, state, and local levels. • Some highlights of tax law administration. • Tax concepts that help explain the reasons for various tax provisions. • The influence the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and the courts have had in the evolution of current tax law. SUMMARY OF CHANGES IN THE CHAPTER The following are notable changes in the chapter from the 2018 Edition. For major changes, see the Preface of the text. • Updated Exhibit 1.1 (Federal Tax Revenues) and Exhibit 1.4 (IRS Audit Types and Rates) with current data. • Revised text to reflect the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) of 2017 and revised various inflation-adjusted information in the chapter. • Identified critical thinking questions and problems. • Added a new Research Problem to analyze a soda tax or sweetened beverage tax proposal against the AICPA’s Principles of Good Tax Policy. THE BIG PICTURE The Big Picture discussion in Chapter 1 addresses several situations commonly encountered by taxpayers that also create taxable income consequences. For example, students may not be familiar with the concept that gift giving (even in families) creates tax consequences for the gift giver or that working in another state subjects a taxpayer to tax in more than just his or her home state. While students may not yet have significant exposure to all the tax issues raised in the Big Picture scenario, the exercise provides an opportunity to help students think about why tax consequences might arise and how to go about expanding their knowledge of tax law. For example, employing children in a family business raises questions about FICA withholding as 1-2 2019 Individual Income Taxes: Instructor’s Guide with Lecture Notes © 2019 Cengage. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. well as what constitutes reasonable compensation. The student might make the link to FICA withholding after reading the chapter. However, a quick search on the IRS’s web page results in a page that provides information about tax consequences that arise when hiring family members (http://www.irs.gov/Businesses/Small-Businesses-&-Self-Employed/Family-Help). The FICA withholding discussion might lead to a discussion of incentives related to family members’ salaries which could nicely lead into a discussion of why the IRS might be interested in auditing a family business/closely held business. The scenario could also be integrated into a discussion of what is the “best” tax system, especially because the Carters are currently employed while the Walkers are retirees. The instructor could use this fact to address why differently situated taxpayers may have varying preferences about what type of tax system is the “best” tax system. APPROACHING THE STUDY OF TAXATION What Is Taxation? 1. “Taxes are what we pay for civilized society.” – Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. 2. The primary purpose of taxation—to raise revenue for government operations. 3. Taxation is often used as a tool to influence the behavior of individuals and businesses. a. Income tax credits are designed to encourage people to purchase a fuel-efficient car. b. A tobacco excise tax may discourage individuals from smoking. Taxation in Our Lives 4. Individuals are affected most directly by taxes when they need to pay them. a. Direct tax is paid to the government by the person who pays the tax (i.e., personal income tax and property taxes). b. Indirect tax includes things such as a state sales tax on the purchase of tangible goods such as clothing. The tax is collected and remitted to the government by the seller. The buyer is charged the tax along with the purchase price of the goods or services or it may be embedded in the price charged. | Solution Manual for South Western Federal Taxation 2019 Corporations Partnerships Estates and Trusts 42nd Edition by RaabeCHAPTER 1 UNDERSTANDING AND WORKING WITH THE FEDERAL TAX LAW Federal Taxation 2019 Corporations Partnerships Estates and Trusts SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM MATERIALS DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. (LO 1) When enacting tax legislation, Congress often is guided by the concept of revenue neutrality so that any changes neither increase nor decrease the net revenues raised under the prior rules. Revenue neutrality does not mean that any one taxpayer’s tax liability remains the same. Since this liability depends on the circumstances involved, one taxpayer’s increased tax liability could be another’s tax saving. Revenue-neutral tax reform does not reduce deficits, but at least it does not aggravate the problem. 2. (LO 2) Economic, social, equity, and political factors play a significant role in the formulation of tax laws. Furthermore, the IRS and the courts have had impacts on the evolution of tax laws. For example, control of the economy has been an important economic consideration in passing a number of laws (e.g., rapid depreciation, changes in tax rates). 3. (LO 2) The tax law encourages technological progress by allowing immediate (or accelerated) deductions and tax credits for research and development expenditures. 4. (LO 2) Saving leads to capital formation and thus makes funds available to finance home construction and industrial expansion. For example, the tax laws provide incentives to encourage savings by giving private retirement plans preferential treatment. 5. (LO 2) a. Section 1244 allows ordinary loss treatment on the worthlessness of small business corporation stock. Since such stock normally would be a capital asset, the operation of § 1244 converts a less desirable capital loss into a more attractive ordinary loss. Such tax treatment was designed to aid small businesses in raising needed capital through the issuance of stock. b. The S corporation election allows the profits (or losses) of the corporation to flow through to its individual shareholders (avoiding the corporate income tax). In addition, the qualified business income deduction will apply to any flow-through profits (allowing a maximum 20% deduction to the shareholders). However, with the corporate tax rate being 21% (and individual marginal tax rates potentially being higher), individuals will need to compare the benefits of avoiding the corporate tax rate with the taxes on any S corporation flow-through profits. 6. (LO 2) Reasonable persons can, and often do, disagree about what is fair or unfair. In the tax area, moreover, equity is generally tied to a particular taxpayer’s personal situation. For example, one equity difference relates to how a business is organized (i.e., partnership versus corporation). Two businesses may be equal in size, similarly situated, and competitors in the production of goods or services, but they may not be comparably treated under the tax law if one is a partnership and the other is a corporation. The corporation is subject to a separate Federal income tax of 21%; the partnership is not. The tax law can and does make a distinction between these business forms. Equity, then, is not what appears fair or unfair to any one taxpayer or group of taxpayers. Equity is, instead, what the tax law recognizes. 1-2 2019 Corporations Volume/Solutions Manual © 2019 Cengage®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 7. (LO 2) This deduction can be explained by social considerations. The deduction shifts some of the financial and administrative burden of socially desirable programs from the public (the government) sector to the private (the citizens) sector. 8. (LO 2) Preferential treatment of private retirement plans encourages saving. Not only are contributions to Keogh (H.R. 10) plans and certain Individual Retirement Plans (IRA) deductible, but income from these contributions accumulates on a tax-free basis. 9. (LO 2) The availability of percentage depletion on the extraction and sale of oil and gas and specified mineral deposits and a write-off (rather than capitalization) of certain exploration costs encourage the development of natural resources. 10. (LO 2) Favorable treatment of corporate reorganizations provides an economic benefit. By allowing corporations to combine and split without adverse consequences, corporations are in a position to reduce their taxes and possibly more effectively compete with other businesses (both nationally and internationally). 11. (LO 2) Although the major objective of the Federal tax law is the raising of revenue, other considerations explain many provisions. In particular, economic, social, equity, and political factors play a significant role. Added to these factors is the impact the Treasury Department, the Internal Revenue Service, and the courts have had and will continue to have on the evolution of Federal tax law. 12. (LO 2) The deduction allowed for Federal income tax purposes for state and local income taxes is not designed to neutralize the effect of multiple taxation on the same income. At most, this deduction provides only partial relief. The $10,000 overall limitation on state and local taxes (effective in 2018) also reduces the tax benefit of these taxes. Only allowing a full tax credit would achieve complete neutrality. a. With the standard deduction, a taxpayer is, indirectly, obtaining the benefit of a deduction for any state or local income taxes he or she may have paid. The standard deduction is in lieu of itemized deductions, which include any allowed deductions for state and local income taxes. b. If the taxpayer is in the 10% tax bracket, $1 of a deduction for state or local taxes would save $.10 of Federal income tax liability. In the 32% tax bracket, the saving becomes $.32. The deduction approach (as opposed to the allowance of a credit) favors high-bracket taxpayers. 13. (LO 2) Under the general rule, a transfer of a partnership’s assets to a new corporation could result in a taxable gain. However, if certain conditions are met, § 351 postpones the recognition of any gain (or loss) on the transfer of property by Heather to a controlled corporation. The wherewithal to pay concept recognizes the inequity of taxing a transaction when Heather lacks the means with which to pay any tax. Besides, Heather’s economic position would not change significantly should the transfer occur. Heather owned the assets before the transfer and still would own the assets after a transfer to a controlled corporation. 14. (LO 2) Yes, once incorporated, the business may be subject to the Federal corporate income tax. However, the 21% corporate tax rate might be lower than Heather’s individual tax rates, especially if dividends are not paid to Heather. The corporate income tax could be avoided altogether by electing to be an S corporation. An S corporation is generally not taxed at the corporate level; instead, the income flows through the corporate veil and is taxed at the shareholder level. An S election allows a business to operate as a corporation but be taxed like a partnership. With a partnership, there is no double tax. Income and expenses flow through to the partners and are taxed at the partner level. | Solution Manual for Taxation of Individuals 10th Edition by SpilkerANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
| Solution Manual for Concepts in Federal Taxation 2019 26th Edition by MurphyCHAPTER 1 UNDERSTANDING AND WORKING WITH THE FEDERAL TAX LAW SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM MATERIALS DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. (LO 1) When enacting tax legislation, Congress often is guided by the concept of revenue neutrality so that any changes neither increase nor decrease the net revenues raised under the prior rules. Revenue neutrality does not mean that any one taxpayer’s tax liability remains the same. Since this liability depends on the circumstances involved, one taxpayer’s increased tax liability could be another’s tax saving. Revenue-neutral tax reform does not reduce deficits, but at least it does not aggravate the problem. 2. (LO 2) Economic, social, equity, and political factors play a significant role in the formulation of tax laws. Furthermore, the IRS and the courts have had impacts on the evolution of tax laws. For example, control of the economy has been an important economic consideration in passing a number of laws (e.g., rapid depreciation, changes in tax rates). 3. (LO 2) The tax law encourages technological progress by allowing immediate (or accelerated) deductions and tax credits for research and development expenditures. 4. (LO 2) Saving leads to capital formation and thus makes funds available to finance home construction and industrial expansion. For example, the tax laws provide incentives to encourage savings by giving private retirement plans preferential treatment. 5. (LO 2) a. Section 1244 allows ordinary loss treatment on the worthlessness of small business corporation stock. Since such stock normally would be a capital asset, the operation of § 1244 converts a less desirable capital loss into a more attractive ordinary loss. Such tax treatment was designed to aid small businesses in raising needed capital through the issuance of stock. b. The S corporation election allows the profits (or losses) of the corporation to flow through to its individual shareholders (avoiding the corporate income tax). In addition, the qualified business income deduction will apply to any flow-through profits (allowing a maximum 20% deduction to the shareholders). However, with the corporate tax rate being 21% (and individual marginal tax rates potentially being higher), individuals will need to compare the benefits of avoiding the corporate tax rate with the taxes on any S corporation flow-through profits. 6. (LO 2) Reasonable persons can, and often do, disagree about what is fair or unfair. In the tax area, moreover, equity is generally tied to a particular taxpayer’s personal situation. For example, one equity difference relates to how a business is organized (i.e., partnership versus corporation). Two businesses may be equal in size, similarly situated, and competitors in the production of goods or services, but they may not be comparably treated under the tax law if one is a partnership and the other is a corporation. The corporation is subject to a separate Federal income tax of 21%; the partnership is not. The tax law can and does make a distinction between these business forms. Equity, then, is not what appears fair or unfair to any one taxpayer or group of taxpayers. Equity is, instead, what the tax law recognizes. 1-2 2019 Corporations Volume/Solutions Manual © 2019 Cengage®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 7. (LO 2) This deduction can be explained by social considerations. The deduction shifts some of the financial and administrative burden of socially desirable programs from the public (the government) sector to the private (the citizens) sector. 8. (LO 2) Preferential treatment of private retirement plans encourages saving. Not only are contributions to Keogh (H.R. 10) plans and certain Individual Retirement Plans (IRA) deductible, but income from these contributions accumulates on a tax-free basis. 9. (LO 2) The availability of percentage depletion on the extraction and sale of oil and gas and specified mineral deposits and a write-off (rather than capitalization) of certain exploration costs encourage the development of natural resources. 10. (LO 2) Favorable treatment of corporate reorganizations provides an economic benefit. By allowing corporations to combine and split without adverse consequences, corporations are in a position to reduce their taxes and possibly more effectively compete with other businesses (both nationally and internationally). 11. (LO 2) Although the major objective of the Federal tax law is the raising of revenue, other considerations explain many provisions. In particular, economic, social, equity, and political factors play a significant role. Added to these factors is the impact the Treasury Department, the Internal Revenue Service, and the courts have had and will continue to have on the evolution of Federal tax law. 12. (LO 2) The deduction allowed for Federal income tax purposes for state and local income taxes is not designed to neutralize the effect of multiple taxation on the same income. At most, this deduction provides only partial relief. The $10,000 overall limitation on state and local taxes (effective in 2018) also reduces the tax benefit of these taxes. Only allowing a full tax credit would achieve complete neutrality. a. With the standard deduction, a taxpayer is, indirectly, obtaining the benefit of a deduction for any state or local income taxes he or she may have paid. The standard deduction is in lieu of itemized deductions, which include any allowed deductions for state and local income taxes. b. If the taxpayer is in the 10% tax bracket, $1 of a deduction for state or local taxes would save $.10 of Federal income tax liability. In the 32% tax bracket, the saving becomes $.32. The deduction approach (as opposed to the allowance of a credit) favors high-bracket taxpayers. 13. (LO 2) Under the general rule, a transfer of a partnership’s assets to a new corporation could result in a taxable gain. However, if certain conditions are met, § 351 postpones the recognition of any gain (or loss) on the transfer of property by Heather to a controlled corporation. The wherewithal to pay concept recognizes the inequity of taxing a transaction when Heather lacks the means with which to pay any tax. Besides, Heather’s economic position would not change significantly should the transfer occur. Heather owned the assets before the transfer and still would own the assets after a transfer to a controlled corporation. 14. (LO 2) Yes, once incorporated, the business may be subject to the Federal corporate income tax. However, the 21% corporate tax rate might be lower than Heather’s individual tax rates, especially if dividends are not paid to Heather. The corporate income tax could be avoided altogether by electing to be an S corporation. An S corporation is generally not taxed at the corporate level; instead, the income flows through the corporate veil and is taxed at the shareholder level. An S election allows a business to operate as a corporation but be taxed like a partnership. With a partnership, there is no double tax. Income and expenses flow through to the partners and are taxed at the partner level. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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