| Content | Test Bank Ebersole and Hess’ Toward Healthy Aging 10th Edition Touhy
Chapter 01: Health and Wellness in an Aging Society
Touhy: Ebersole & Hess' Toward Healthy Aging, 9th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. When asked by new parents what the life expectancy is for their African American newborn,
the nurse replies that, “2010 statistics indicate that your son:
a. will have a life expectancy of approximately 65 years.”
b. can realistically expect to live into his late 80s.”
c. has a good chance of celebrating his 75th birthday.”
d. is likely to live into his late 90s.”
ANS: C
In 2010, men in the United States at age 60 can expect to live another 22 years. The life
expectancy of African American men is about 4.7 years less than white men. Of the options
above, C is the only response that fits into those parameters. The other options are not
supported by reliable research.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding REF: p. 3
TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning
MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance
2. A nurse is planning care for a group of super-centenarians in an assisted living facility. The
nurse considers which of the following?
a. Most super-centenarians are functionally independent or require minimal
assistance with activities of daily living
b. The majority of super-centenarians have cognitive impairment
c. The number of super-centenarians is expected to decrease in coming years as a
result of heart disease and stroke
d. It is theorized that super-centenarians survived as long as they have due to genetic
mutations that made them less susceptible to common diseases
ANS: A
Research supports that most super-centenarians are functionally and cognitively intact,
requiring minimal assistance with ADLs. The number of super-centenarians is expected to
increase in coming years as the number of older adults increases. The reason why individuals
survived as long as they have is not known.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering REF: p. 4
TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning
MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance
3. One reason why many “baby boomers” have multiple chronic conditions such as heart
disease, diabetes, and arthritis is that:
a. they have less access to medication and other treatment regimens.
b. there was a lack of importance placed on healthy living as they were growing up.
c. they did not have access to immunizations against communicable disease when
they were children.
d. they grew up in an era of rampant poverty and malnutrition.
ANS: B
The baby boomers, individuals born between 1946 and 1964, post-WWII, have better access
to medication and treatment regimens than other cohorts. They have had the benefit of the
development of immunizations against communicable diseases. They grew up in an era of
prosperity post-WWII. However, there was a lack of importance placed on what we now
consider healthy living when they were younger. Smoking, for example, was not condoned,
but was considered a symbol of status. Candy in the shape of cigarettes was popular, and there
was much secondhand smoke.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering REF: p. 6
TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning
MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance
4. A nurse is planning an education program on wellness in a local senior citizen center. The
nurse plans to provide education on the importance of immunizations, annual physical
examinations, screening for diabetes, and vision and hearing screening. It is important for the
nurse to understand which of the following?
a. Approximately 40% of older adults (ages 65 and older) utilize available preventive
services
b. Preventive strategies are more widely used in the 40-64 age group than in the 65
and over age group
c. The research on health promotion strategies in older adults demonstrates that they
have low efficacy
d. There is an abundance of research specific to health promotion and aging
ANS: A
Approximately 40% of individuals, ages 65 and older, utilize the preventive services that are
available to them. However, only 24% of those between the ages of 40 and 64 do so. There is
a paucity of research specific to health promotion and aging; however, the research that exists
demonstrates that health promotion strategies are highly effective.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding REF: p. 7
TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning
MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance
5. A nurse is caring for an 85-year-old male client with diabetes in a community setting. The
nurse promotes functional wellness by which of the following activities?
a. Encouraging the client maintains current levels of physical activity
b. Assisting the client to receive all the recommended preventive screenings that are
appropriate for his age group
c. Teaching the patient how to use a rolling walker so that he can ambulate for longer
distances
d. Encouraging the client to attend his weekly chess games
ANS: A
Maintaining existing levels of physical activity is consistent with functional wellness.
Teaching the client how to use a rolling walker enables the client to remain active at the
highest level possible, which is an example of promoting functional wellness. Receiving
recommended screening is an example of promoting biological wellness. The use of a rolling
walker should be based on assessment of physical ability. Encouraging the client to attend
weekly chess games is an example of promoting social wellness.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying REF: p. 10
TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning
MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance
6. Based on the census reports of 2010, the typical profile of a centenarian in the United States
includes which of the following characteristics?
a. A Caucasian woman who lives in an urban area of a Southern state
b. An African American woman who lives in a rural area of a Southern state
c. A Hispanic man who lives in an urban area of a Midwestern state
d. A Caucasian man who lives in a rural area of a Midwestern state
ANS: A
Based on the 2010 U.S. Census data, centenarians were overwhelmingly white (82.5%),
women (82.8%), and living in urban areas of the Southern states.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying REF: p. 5
TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning
MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance | Test Bank For Foundations for Population Health in Community Public Health Nursing 5th Edition Stanhope
Chapter 01: Community- and Prevention-Oriented Practice to Improve Population
Health
Stanhope: Foundations for Population Health in Community/Public Health Nursing,5th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following best describes community-based nursing?
a. A practice in which care is provided for individuals and families
b. Providing care with a focus on the group’s needs
c. Giving care with a focus on the aggregate’s needs
d. A value system in which all clients receive optimal care
ANS: A
By definition, community-based nursing is a setting-specific practice in which care is
provided for “sick” individuals and families where they live, work, and attend school. The
emphasis is on acute and chronic care and the provision of comprehensive, coordinated, and
continuous care. These nurses may be generalists or specialists in maternal–infant, pediatric,
adult, or psychiatric mental health nursing. Community-based nursing emphasizes acute and
chronic care to individuals and families, rather than focusing on groups, aggregates, or
systems.
2. Which of the following best describes community-oriented nursing?
a. Focusing on the provision of care to individuals and families
b. Providing care to manage acute or chronic conditions
c. Giving direct care to ill individuals within their family setting
d. Having the goal of health promotion and disease prevention
ANS: D
By definition, community-oriented nursing has the goal of preserving, protecting, or
maintaining health and preventing disease to promote the quality of life. All nurses may focus
on individuals and families, give direct care to ill persons within their family setting, and help
manage acute or chronic conditions. These definitions are not specific to community-oriented
nursing.
3. Which of the following is the primary focus of public health nursing?
a. Families and groups
b. Illness-oriented care
c. Individuals within the family unit
d. Health care of communities and populations
ANS: D
In public health nursing the primary focus is on the health care of communities and
populations rather than on individuals, groups, and families. The goal is to prevent disease and
preserve, promote, restore, and protect health for the community and the population within it.
Community-based nurses deal primarily with illness-oriented care of individuals and families
acorss the life span. The aim is to amanage acute and chronic health conditions in the
community, and the focus of practice is on individual or family-centered illness care.
Foundations for Population Health in Community Public Health Nursing 5th Edition Stanhope
4. Which of the following is responsible for the dramatic increase in life expectancy during the
20th century?
a. Technology increases in the field of medical laboratory research
b. Advances in surgical techniques and procedures
c. Sanitation and other population-based prevention programs
d. Use of antibiotics to fight infections
ANS: C
Improvements in control of infectious diseases through immunizations, sanitation, and other
population-based prevention programs led to the increase in life expectancy from less than 50
years in 1900 to more than 78 years in 2013. Although people are excited when a new drug is
discovered that cures a disease or when a new way to transplant organs is perfected, it is
important to know about the significant gains in the health of populations that have come
largely from public health accomplishments.
5. A nurse is developing a plan to decrease the number of premature deaths in the community.
Which of the following interventions would most likely be implemented by the nurse?
a. Increase the community’s knowledge about hospice care.
b. Promote healthy lifestyle behavior choices among the community members.
c. Encourage employers to have wellness centers at each industrial site.
d. Ensure timely and effective medical intervention and treatment for community
members.
ANS: B
Public health approaches could help prevent premature deaths by influencing the way people
eat, drink, drive, engage in exercise, and treat the environment. Increasing knowledge of
hospice care, encouraging on-site wellness centers, and ensuring timely treatment of medical
conditions do not address the focus of improving overall health through health promotion
strategies. This is the major method that is suggested to decrease the incidence of premature
death.
6. Which of the following is a basic assumption of public health efforts?
a. Health disparities among any groups are morally and legally wrong.
b. Health care is the most important priority in government planning and funding.
c. The health of individuals cannot be separated from the health of the community.
d. The government is responsible for lengthening the life span of Americans.
ANS: C
Public health practice focuses on the community as a whole, and the effect of the
community’s health status (resources) on the health of individuals, families, and groups. The
goal is to prevent disease and disability and promote and protect the health of the community
as a whole. Public health can be described as what society collectively does to ensure that
conditions exist in which people can be healthy. The basic assumptions of public health do not
judge the morality of health disparities. The focus is on prevention of illness not on spending
more on illness care. Additionally, individual responsibility for making healthy choices is the
directive for lengthening life span not the role of the government.
7. Which of the following actions would most likely be performed by a public health nurse?
a. Asking community leaders what interventions should be chosen
b. Assessing the community and deciding on appropriate interventions
c. Using data from the main health care institutions in the community to determine
Foundations for Population Health in Community Public Health Nursing 5th Edition Stanhope needed health services
d. Working with community groups to create policies to improve the environment
ANS: D
Although the public health nurse might engage in any of the tasks listed, he or she works
primarily with members of the community to carry out core public health functions, including
assessment of the population as a whole and engaging in promoting health and improving the
environment. The interventions of asking community leaders which interventions should be
chosen, asessing the community and deciding on appropriate interventions, and using data
from health care institutions do not demonstrate the engagement of the community when
making decisions about what the community actually wants and needs.
8. Which of the following public health nurses most clearly fulfills the responsibilities of this
role?
a. The nurse who met with several groups to discuss community recreation issues
b. The nurse who spent the day attending meetings of various health agencies
c. The nurse who talked to several people about their particular health concerns
d. The nurse who watched the city council meeting on local cable television
ANS: B
Any of these descriptions might represent a nurse communicating, cooperating, or
collaborating with community residents or groups about health concerns. However, the nurse
who spent the day attending meetings of various health agencies is the most representative,
because in public health, concerns are addressed from a broader perspective. In public health,
broad concerns of the community should be addressed. Concerns are broader than recreation,
individual concerns are not as important as aggregate priorities, and watching television (a
one-way form of communication) is less effective than interacting with others.
9. Which of the following best defines aggregate?
a. A large group of persons
b. A collection of individuals and families
c. A collection of people who share one or more characteristics
d. Another name for demographic group
ANS: C
An aggregate is defined a collection of people who share one or more personal or
environmental characteristics. Members of a community can be defined in terms of either
geography (e.g., a county, a group of counties, or a state) or a special interest (e.g., children
attending a particular school). These members make up a population. The term population
may be used interchangeably with the term aggregate. A large group of persons, a collection
of individuals and families, and another name for demograhpic group are not accurate
definitions of the term aggregate.
10. A registered nurse was just employed as a public health nurse. Which question would be the
most relevant for the nurse to ask?
a. “Which groups are at the greatest risk for problems?”
b. “Which patients should I see first as I begin my day?”
c. “With which physicians will I be most closely collaborating?”
d. “With which nursing assistants will I partner the most?”
ANS: A
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Foundations for Population Health in Community Public Health Nursing 5th Edition Stanhope
Asking which groups are at greatest risk reflects a community-oriented perspective. The
incorrect responses reflect a focus on individuals rather than a community-oriented
perspective.
11. Making sure that essential community-oriented health services are available defines which of
the core public health functions?
a. Policy development
b. Assessment
c. Assurance
d. Scientific knowledge-based care
ANS: C
Assurance includes making sure that essential community-oriented health services are
available in the community. The definition does not fit the terms assessment, policy
development. Scientific knowledge-based care is not a core function of public health.
Assessment is systematic data collection on the population, monitoring the population’s health
status, and making information available about the health of the community. Policy
development refers to efforts to develop policies that support the health of the population,
including using a scientific knowledge base to make policy decisions.
12. When talking to a women’s group at the senior citizens’ center, the nurse reminded them that
the only way the center would be able to afford to provide transportation services for them
would be for them to continue to write letters to their local city council representatives
requesting funding for such a service. What was the nurse trying to accomplish through this
action?
a. Ensure that the women did not expect the nurse to solve their problem.
b. Demonstrate that the nurse understood the women’s concerns and needs.
c. Express empathy, support, and concern.
d. Help the women engage in political action.
ANS: D
Public health nurses engage themselves and others in policy development and encourage and
assist persons to communicate their needs to those with the power to take action. The nurse is demonstrating the role of advocate through this action, it goes beyond merely understanding the women’s concern, and instead mobilizes them to take action. This action does not
demonstrate the nurse showing empathy rather the nurse is empowering these women. | Test Bank for Dental Public Health and Research 4th Edition by Nathe
Dental Public Health and Research, 4e (Nathe)
Chapter 1 Dental Public Health: An Overview
1) When fulfilling the administrator role, a dental public health hygienist ________.
- A) Lobbies to change laws
- B) Conducts research
- C) Provides clinical care
- D) Educates and promotes dental health
- E) Develops and coordinates public health programs
Answer: E
2) Dental public health is the science of providing oral health care and education to the public and emphasizes the science of ________.
- A) Dentistry
- B) Urgent health care
- C) Prosthodontics
- D) Dental hygiene
- E) None of the above
Answer: D
3) Factors affecting dental care delivery include which of the following?
- A) The development of the dental hygiene profession
- B) Access issues
- C) The decrease in periodontal diseases
- D) Both A and B
- E) None of the above
Answer: D
4) The patient's ability to sue a dental provider, if that provider fails to diagnose and treat periodontal disease, is defined as ________.
- A) Access issues
- B) Dental insurance premiums
- C) Socioeconomic status
- D) Copayment issues
- E) Malpractice
Answer: E
5) Dental public health is a component of ________.
- A) Public Affairs
- B) Public Relations
- C) Public Health
- D) Community Affairs
- E) Both A and D
Answer: C
6) Which of the following involves the monitoring of the health of communities?
- A) Assessment
- B) Policy Development
- C) Assurance
- D) Serving All Functions
- E) None of the above
Answer: A
7) Which of the following is the process by which society makes decisions about problems?
- A) Assessment
- B) Policy Development
- C) Assurance
- D) Serving All Functions
- E) None of the above
Answer: B
8) Which of the following involves making certain that all populations have access to appropriate and cost-effective services to read agreed-upon public health goals?
- A) Assessment
- B) Policy Development
- C) Assurance
- D) Serving All Functions
- E) None of the above
Answer: C
9) Which of the following includes the research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems?
- A) Assessment
- B) Policy Development
- C) Assurance
- D) Serving All Functions
- E) None of the above
Answer: D
10) Which of the following dictates services to ensure the promotion of health and prevention of disease and injury?
- A) Needs Assessment
- B) Public Health Goals
- C) Health Care Reform
- D) Public Health Demands
- E) Human Services Planning
Answer: B | Test Bank for Legal and Ethical Aspects of Health Information Management 4th Edition by McWay
DESCRIPTION - CHAPTER SAMPLE
McWay_Chapter01_Exam
MULTIPLE CHOICE
- Standards for human behavior are established through _____.
ANS: B PTS: 1
- Under civil law, the burden of proof is described as a _____.
ANS: C PTS: 1
- Which statement is associated with civil law?
ANS: B PTS: 1
- The plaintiff is always the state or federal government in _____ law.
ANS: C PTS: 1
- Which statement is associated with criminal law?
ANS: C PTS: 1
- The burden of proof is “beyond a reasonable doubt” during a _____ trial?
ANS: D PTS: 1
- Which statement is associated with a criminal trial?
ANS: A PTS: 1
- Consensus ad idem is Latin for the element of a contract associated with _____.
ANS: D PTS: 1
- Consideration is an element of contract law that refers to _____.
ANS: B PTS: 1
- In Mordecai vs. Blue Cross/Blue Shield of Alabama, the court determined that _____.
ANS: D PTS: 1
- The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution are called _____.
ANS: B PTS: 1
- Which of the following is associated with the Bill of Rights?
ANS: A PTS: 1
- Which constitutional amendment prohibits double jeopardy?
ANS: B PTS: 1
- Which is associated with the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution?
ANS: A PTS: 1
- Laws passed at the local level are called _____.
ANS: B PTS: 1
- From a statutory perspective, CFR is an abbreviation for _____.
ANS: C PTS: 1
- HIPAA is the abbreviation for the _____.
ANS: C PTS: 1
- Criminal law is subdivided into _____ categories.
ANS: D PTS: 1
- A felony is defined as a crime _____.
ANS: C PTS: 1
- Which subcategory of criminal law defines specific offenses?
ANS: D PTS: 1
- Primary sources of public law include _____.
ANS: D PTS: 1
- A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed. Thus, it _____.
- Under stare decisis, _____.
ANS: B PTS: 1
- Which describes the doctrine of res judicata?
ANS: B PTS: 1
- An electronic case filing system (ECFS) is an automated system that _____.
ANS: A PTS: 1
- The government’s separation of powers include _____.
ANS: D PTS: 1
- GINA _____.
ANS: A PTS: 1
- The legislative branch of government _____.
ANS: B PTS: 1
- The chief executive branch of government issues executive orders that interprets _____.
ANS: A PTS: 1
- In deciding a dispute, the court or judicial branch _____.
ANS: D PTS: 1
- Quasi-legal requirements may involve which of the following?
ANS: C PTS: 1 | Test bank Community Public Health Nursing 7th Edition by Nies
Chapter 01: Health: A Community View
Nies: Community/Public Health Nursing, 7th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which best describes the primary reason that Americans are concerned about health care?
a. Politicians are discussing how to improve health care.
b. The media has provided mixed messages about the health care system.
c. Our national health care costs keep increasing.
d. The new health care system offers free services to Americans.
ANS: C
The primary reason for the focus on health care is the constantly increasing costs, which
cannot be sustained. The costs of caring for the sick accounted for the majority of escalating
health care dollars, which increased from 5.7% of the gross domestic product in 1965 to
17.8% in 2015. Politicians and the media both influence Americans’ perceptions about health
care; however, they are not the primary reason why Americans are concerned. The new health
care system will change the health care access and availability, but will not necessarily be
offering any free services to Americans.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension)
2. A nurse has begun to lobby with politicians for changes to the health care system. Why is this
involvement important?
a. Nurses, as central characters in several popular TV series, are currently very
visible in American media.
b. Nurses are primarily responsible for managing the various units in our health care
system.
c. Nurses are the largest segment of health care providers.
d. Nurses are the only group that is employed both inside and outside of hospitals.
ANS: C
As the largest segment of health care providers, nurses are informed about the current health
care system and all the problems that result from people not seeking care until they are
desperately ill. Nurses, as the American Nurses Association (ANA) emphasize, usually
believe that health care is a right, not a privilege. Therefore, nurses, whose work is central to
our current health care delivery system, can also be instrumental in working politically to
create a health care delivery system that will meet health needs. While nurses are in several
current TV series and are employed both inside and outside of hospitals, physicians and other
health care providers are as well. Nurses are often managers, but managers often have other
backgrounds, such as business administration.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension)
3. What conclusion can be drawn from examining where nurses are employed?
a. There is a trend toward consolidation of health care into large central medical
centers.
b. There is an increased emphasis on community-based health care.
c. There is an obvious need to decrease health care costs by cutting positions.
d. Managed care organizations (MCOs) are employing nurses to improve customer
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relations.
ANS: B
MCOs are employing nurses in many capacities. Although hospitals are closing and acute care
is increasingly found in central medical centers, the same trend may be seen in an increase in neighborhood-based practice centers. While positions are cut in most industries, health care is recognized as an area where growth in employment is expected. However, nurses are increasingly employed in community settings as opposed to hospitals. This change reflects the
move toward community-based care rather than hospital-based tertiary care. To help decrease the continued rise in health care costs, the increased emphasis is on disease prevention rather than high-cost treatment.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension)
4. Which ethical belief would be most helpful in the current health care crisis?
a. Emphasis should be on individual and corporation freedom in the marketplace.
b. Emphasis should be on individual autonomy and freedom of choice.
c. Emphasis should be on social justice and collective responsibility.
d. Emphasis should be on the effectiveness of technology in resolving problems.
ANS: C
Public health recognizes the necessity of collective action in keeping the environment safe and
in egalitarian tradition and vision. An overinvestment in technology and seeking of cures
within the market justice system has stifled the evolution of a health system to protect and
preserve the health of the population. Although individual autonomy and freedom of choice
are important, so is the recognition of collective responsibility in ensuring social justice,
which entitles all people to basic necessities.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application)
5. What is the primary problem seen in Healthy People 2020’s emphasis on choosing healthy
lifestyle behaviors, such as daily exercise or healthy food choices?
a. Emphasis on other lifestyle choices, such as not smoking and minimal use of
alcohol or drugs, is also needed.
b. All of us must work together to make unhealthy behaviors socially unacceptable.
c. It costs more to make healthy choices, such as buying and eating fresh fruits and
vegetables as opposed to quick and cheap fast-food choices.
d. Public policy emphasizes personal responsibility but ignores social and
environmental changes needed for well-being.
ANS: D
Although all responses are accurate, the primary problem is the emphasis on personal choices
in the Healthy People 2020 objectives. Emphasis on personal choices ignores the need for
community responsibility and action that addresses environmental or cultural restraints to
health.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application)
6. What responsibility does the American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethics require of
the nurse beyond giving excellent care to patients?
a. Accept longer work schedules to ensure that professional care is always available
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to clients.
b. Recognize the need for experienced nurses to mentor new graduates to help
increase and expand the number of professionals available.
c. Support health legislation to improve accessibility and cost of health care.
d. Volunteer to work overtime as needed to ensure maximum quality of care.
ANS: C
The ANA Code of Ethics promotes social reform by focusing on health policy and legislation
to positively affect accessibility, quality, and cost of health care. The code does not directly
address workplace issues, such as work schedules or need for overtime.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze (Analysis)
7. What is the community health nursing definition of health?
a. Health is a person’s goal-directed purposeful process toward well-being or
wholeness.
b. Health is an individual’s physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity.
c. Health is the mutual adaptation between a person and his or her environment in
meeting daily existence.
d. Health is families and aggregates choosing actions to ensure safety and well-being.
ANS: D
The text stresses that health is not just the result of an individual’s choices, but choices and
actions of individuals, families, groups, and communities that lead to better health.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application)
8. How does community health nursing define community?
a. A group of persons living within specific geographic boundaries
b. A group of persons who share a common identity and environment
c. A group of persons who work together to meet common goals
d. A group of persons who resolve a community concern
ANS: B
Community health nurses work with both geopolitical groups (within specific geographic
boundaries) and phenomenological groups (who have a common identity based on culture,
history, or goals). A particular phenomenological group may or may not have been a planned
group—that is, a group that came together to resolve a recognized common problem or to
meet a common goal. However, of all the choices, a group of persons who share a common
identity (phenomenological group) and environment (which implies a specific geographic
setting) is the broadest and most complete definition.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application)
9. Which variable has a major influence on a community’s health?
a. Behavior choices made by persons in the community
b. Number of health care providers and hospitals in the community
c. Quality of the public safety officers (police officers, firefighters, etc.)
d. The number and credentials of public health officials in the community
ANS: A
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Individual behavior choices are responsible for about 50% of health outcomes. Individual
choices are affected through interaction with other individuals, and their mutual social and
physical environments. The number of health care providers has not played a major role in the
health outcomes in the community in comparison to individual health behaviors. The quality
of public safety officers and number of public health officials have not been identified as
major contributors to the determinants of health.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application)
10. What change could most effectively lead to a longer life span in Americans?
a. Parenting and sexual behavior classes in all public school systems
b. Legislation restricting alcohol and drug use
c. Notably reducing speed limits on all state and federal highways, and changing the
age limit for driving to 21 years of age
d. The belief that smoking is shameful and disgusting, as well as expensive,
becoming the social norm
ANS: D
Smoking is responsible for almost 20% of all deaths in the United States. Although smoking
is an individual’s choice, all people are affected by social norms. Parenting and sexual
behavior classes and legislative changes may influence health, but may not necessarily lead to
a longer lifespan. Community health nurses should recognize that health is influenced by a
web of factors, some that can be changed and some that cannot. Influencing social norms may
better promote change among Americans.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application)
11. What is the health issue causing the most concern in the United States today?
a. Diabetes epidemic
b. Increase in cardiac disease
c. Increase in obesity
d. Rise in cancer rates
ANS: C
The widespread increase in incidence of overweight and obesity has led to calls for
population-based measures to address this issue. The overarching problem of obesity has led
to an increase in diabetes as well as cardiac disease. If this health issue was controlled, there
should be in a decrease in the other health issues.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension)
12. What factors are most responsible for the increasing length of life of Americans over the past
100 years?
a. Better nutrition and family planning options
b. Education concerning the need to reduce salt and fat in the diet
c. Improved medical care, including exciting new technologies
d. More efficient cancer screenings and early intervention
ANS: A
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Average increased life span over the past 100 years can be largely attributed to higher
standards of living, better nutrition, a healthier environment, and having fewer children.
Public health efforts such as immunization and medical care have also contributed.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension)
13. Why would a public health nurse want to know about morbidity and mortality statistics on the
local, state, and national level?
a. To be able to share current trends in health problems with the community
b. To be able to observe the community’s statistics over time and compare the
community with other communities
c. To justify local budgets and the need for increased income from citizens
d. To publicize current health issues and suggest appropriate actions to citizens
ANS: B
Although being informed and being able to educate the public is always preferred and nurses
often do have to justify budgets, data are needed to compare the local community with itself
over time and with other communities so that problems may be recognized and action taken to
confront health issues. The first step is always to recognize problems as they develop.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application)
14. How do public health efforts differ from medical efforts in improving the health of our
citizens?
a. Medical care providers autonomously choose appropriate interventions, whereas
public health care providers must engage in whatever actions legislation requires.
b. Medical care providers are self-employed or agency employed, whereas public
health care providers are employed by and paid through the government.
c. Medical care providers focus only on individuals, whereas public health care
providers focus only on aggregates.
d. Medical care providers focus on disease diagnosis and management, whereas
public health care providers focus on health promotion and disease prevention.
ANS: D
Medical care providers are restricted by insurance and government regulations. Providers may
also be employed in government facilities, such as Veterans Administration facilities.
However, medical care providers primarily focus on diagnosis and treatment of disease,
whereas public health care providers try to promote health and prevent disease. Although
medical care providers primarily focus on individuals and public health care providers
primarily focus on aggregates, their practice is not limited to only individuals or only
aggregates.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application)
15. Which primary prevention would the school nurse choose to address the school’s number of
unwed pregnancies?
a. Create a class on parenting for both the moms-to-be and the dads-to-be.
b. Convince the school board to allow sex education classes to include birth control
measures.
c. Employ the moms-to-be as 1-hour-a-day employees in the school daycare center
for children born to school students.
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d. Establish a class where all the unwed moms-to-be can learn infant care.
ANS: B
Primary prevention relates to activities directed at preventing a problem before it occurs by
altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals. Primary prevention
consists of two elements: general health promotion and specific protection. Health promotion
efforts enhance resiliency and protective factors and target essentially well populations.
Specific protection efforts reduce or eliminate risk factors. Although all choices would be
appropriate actions in a school, only education regarding sexuality and birth control would
help prevent future pregnancies.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application)
| Solution Manual for Spreadsheet Modeling and Decision Analysis 8th Edition by Ragsdale
Chapter 1
Introduction to Modeling & Problem Solving
- Solution Manual for Spreadsheet Modeling and Decision Analysis Decision Analysis - Identifying and evaluating the different possible courses of action that might be chosen to address a decision problem.
- Solution Manual for Spreadsheet Modeling and Decision Analysis Computer Model - A set of mathematical relationships and logical assumptions implemented in a computer as a representation of some real-world object or phenomenon.
- A spreadsheet model is a type (or special case) of a computer model where a spreadsheet is used to implement the model.
- Solution Manual for Spreadsheet Modeling and Decision Analysis Business Analytics - A field of study that uses computers, statistics and mathematics to solve business problems.
- Many of the tools and techniques from the field of business analytics can be implemented and used in spreadsheets.
- Solution Manual for Spreadsheet Modeling and Decision Analysis Spreadsheets are sometimes used to store lists of data; such as the grades of students in a class, or names addresses and phone numbers of friends and family. These types of "data base" applications of spreadsheets do not fall into the area of business analytics unless they data is being “mined” with a specific objective in mind.
- Spreadsheets facilitate the decision-making process by making it easier to play out various what-if scenarios.
- A modeling approach to decision making is beneficial in that the decision maker can analyze the probable impact of numerous alternative before selecting an alternative for implementation.
- Dependent Variable - A bottom-line performance measure of interest to the decision maker that is influenced by other variables in the model; denoted by the symbol Y in the expression Y=(X1, X2, ... X3).
- Solution Manual for Spreadsheet Modeling and Decision Analysis Independent Variable - A variable that influences (or plays a role in determining) the value of some bottom-line performance measure (dependent variable); denoted by the symbols Xiin the expression Y=(X1, X2, ... X3).
- Yes, a model can have more than one dependent variable. In some decision problems a manager might be interested in evaluating various alternatives on the basis of profit, probable number of injuries, resulting amount of toxic waste produced, etc. Each of the variables represents a bottom-line performance measure that the manager might be interested in that should be included in the model.
- Yes. See the answer to the previous question.
- The solution to prescriptive models tell managers what actions to take while descriptive models simply describe the operation of a system. In descriptive models, the values to be assumed by one or more independent variables are uncertain and not under the decision maker's control.
- The solution to prescriptive models tell managers what actions to take while predictive models provide forecasts of what will happen in the future. In predictive models, the functional form () describing the nature of the relationship between the dependent and independent variable is ill-defined or not precisely known.
- Descriptive models have a well-defined functional form, but the values of one or more of the independent variables are unknown or uncertain. In predictive models, the values of the independent variables are known or under the decision maker's control, but the functional form () describing the nature of the relationship between the dependent and independent variables is ill-defined or not precisely known.
- Description - To report on or summarize the features, characteristics or behavior of some object or phenomenon.
Prediction - An estimate or forecast of what will occur in the future.
Prescription - Directions, orders, or advise on how to solve a problem.
- Consider the problem of determining how to travel from your home to school or work. There are probably many different routes that could be taken that might influence the total distance (or total length of time) required for the trip. Most people would be interested in determining the route that requires the least distance (or least amount of time). In this sort of problem (also known as a shortest path problem) the different routes that can be chosen represent independent variables and the dependent variable would be the total distance (or total travel time).
- The spreadsheet in Figure 1.2 most closely resembles a prescriptive model because the function form () relating the dependent and independent variables is well-defined and the values of the independent variables are known, or are under the decision maker's control.
- “Probortunity” is the combination of the words problem and opportunity and denotes the fact that every problem can also be viewed as an opportunity.
- The steps in the problem solving process are:
1) Identify the problem
2) Formulate and implement a model
3) Analyze the model
4) Test the result of the model
5) Implement the solution |
